Mutated digestive tract virus

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We also set performance and functionality cookies that help us make improvements by measuring traffic on our site. For more detailed information about the cookies we use, please see our privacy policy. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please turn on JavaScript or unblock scripts. Aug 27, Comment 2. Furthermore, researchers demonstrated that COVID infected person has several intestinal infections like diarrhoea, vomiting, queasiness to name a few [ 30 ].

According to Zhang et al. Recently, scientists also inspected the transmission of this virus through the breast milk of a mother to a newborn baby.

However, more investigations are required in this field to determine promising preventive strategies to counter COVID In the beginning, for a COVID patient, the clinical symptoms are weakness, nasal blocking, sneezing, headache, painful throat, vomiting, nausea and diarrhoea. After five to six days, the infected patients tend to have a high fever with muscle pain, dry cough, and ultimately leading to dyspnoea or hypoxaemia. During this stage, most of the pulmonary tissue of the human respiratory tract and the immune system is majorly affected.

However, some asymptomatic cases were also observed where the patients did not exhibit any acute COVID symptoms. Sometimes they also tend to have a mild fever or even no fever, low fatigue and no respiratory problems. However, these asymptomatic patients can be carriers, who are responsible for the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 into other human body [ 32 ]. In the laboratory, genomic sequencing process using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction RT-qPCR is an accurate detection process for this virus.

The viral genome is characterized using stool, saliva or blood sample collected from suspected patients [ 33 ].

Later on, Kelvin et al. However, there is a major risk for the transmission of this viral infection from infected patients to healthcare workers, if proper protective measures are not being taken during the collection of saliva specimen from an infected person for testing.

Thus, appropriate precautionary measures are necessary to avoid further contamination during the viral detection test procedure. The novel COVID pandemic causative SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread over more than countries and has affected 7,, people, among them , persons have died and 3,, persons have successfully recovered from this disease as on 13th June , as per the data provided by the John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Centre.

Suspected and confirmed cases of COVID should be treated in designated hospitals or nursing homes well acquainted with protective isolation and quarantine measures.

Also, critical patients should be admitted immediately to the intensive care unit. Currently, numerous comparative experiments and clinical trials have been carried on for investigating the efficacy and safety of several antiviral drugs for the treatment of COVID pandemic. Furthermore, several therapeutic and prophylactic strategies have also been advocated for the treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV As an example, the sequence-specific double-stranded RNAs have therapeutic potential to suppress the viral genomic expression through an endogenous cellular process named as RNA interference.

After genomic analysis, it was also reported that RNA interference can be used in the treatment of viral causative infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus HIV and hepatitis. Similarly, Chang et al. The common control strategies for the prevention against COVID is complete isolation of the infected patient with his face being covered with a protective N95 or FFP3 mask, sterilized gown and regular monitoring of the body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, sputum screening, respiratory rate and other prominent symptoms.

Some of the other treatment therapeutic and prophylactic strategies used to treat the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in the following subsections.

Lopinavir and ritonavir, the protease inhibitor drugs also has the ability to affect the reproduction of HIV by generating antibody in the human body [ 39 ].

Chloroquine drug is broadly applied for autoimmune diseases and patients suffering from malaria [ 41 ]. Recently, chloroquine has been recommended as a potential antiviral drug as it can prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection by enhancing endosomal pH required for fusion of most viral protein [ 42 ].

According to Wang et al. Therefore, chloroquine could be considered as a prospective antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID Hydroxychloroquine an analogue of chloroquine is also a well-known drug which is employed for the treatment of malaria. According to the physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, Yao et al. Hence, both antimalarial drug, namely chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, can be used to treat patients infected with SARS-CoV Arbidol also has the potential to suppress the influenza viral infection.

Moreover, several case series exhibited that arbidol and arbidol analogous drugs should be recommended for the treatment of COVID pneumonia [ 43 ]. Therefore, these antiviral drugs can be the source of promising remedial measures to prevent the COVID outbreak. Additionally, other numerous antiviral drugs were also tested to determine its efficacy to compete against this pandemic Table 2.

However, more research and clinical trials, for both in vivo and in vitro conditions, are required for elucidating the treatment efficacy of newly recommended drugs or vaccines, which is to be applied against COVID Human natural killer NK cells have significant autoimmune response proficient to prevent viral infection or fight with other malignant cells.

Human NK cells can disrupt the viral cell by the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity process [ 53 ]. In this manner, all virus-infected cells are lysed through NK cells. Thus, these type of NK cells can be considered as an efficient cellular therapeutic option for the treatment of the newly emerged COVID infection.

Natural cellular therapy employing mesenchymal stem cells MSCs , one of the robust anti-inflammatory active cell, can also be a potential alternative to treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 [ 56 ]. Human blood and placenta of the umbilical cord are promising sources of the MSCs.

Moreover, several researchers reported that MSCs have the capability to ameliorate chronic lung grievance, diminish lung fibrosis and improve acute respiratory problems by stimulating several repair processes against virus-infected tissues [ 57 ].

These types of antiviral antibodies have the ability to treat innumerable contagious maladies such as influenza A H5N1 , poliomyelitis, and Ebola [ 58 ]. Therefore, convalescent plasma therapy could also be a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of COVID The retardation of the COVID pandemic might be governed by the development of human monoclonal antibodies against viral infection.

Several researchers reported that monoclonal antibodies adversely affect the spike protein of HCoV and thus prevents the entry of viral nucleic acid into host cells [ 60 ]. Monoclonal antibodies can directly target the receptor-binding domain RBD of amino acid fragments in viral spike protein and defuse the viral infection [ 61 ]. Therefore, CR and CR alone or amalgamation of these two antibodies with other neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be a potential treatment option for the patients infected with SARS-CoV However, more research, therapeutic strategies and clinical trials should be accomplished and their safety and efficacy also needs to be determined while developing novel drugs, new and innovative vaccines to enhance the immunity, which would aid to confront the newly emerged SARS-CoV Furthermore, more control strategies are required to focus on the viral reproduction number R 0 as the level of any pandemic will rapidly enhance when R 0 is greater than 1.

Therefore, control processes must focus on reducing the value of R 0 to less than 1. According to WHO, prevention strategy like strict avoidance of close contact with patients suffering from respiratory problems or having cold and avoiding unprotected contact with wild animals should be adopted. Moreover, the use of masks is advisable to prevent the droplets, cough, and sneezes from an infected person to transmit to other healthy persons.

Additionally, frequent hand washing after contact with suspected persons, maintaining at least two meter distance from other person and use individual quarantine place for each and every suspected person should be fruitful solution for the control of this infection from spreading. Furthermore, several institutes around the globe have developed innumerable innovative strategies, such as low-cost portable ventilators, robotic drones for sanitization, various mobile applications for contact tracing, robots for delivery of food and medicines and ultraviolet technology fitted in a trunk for sanitizing electronic gadgets, grocery items and currency, which can assist in combating the perilous COVID pandemic.

Furthermore, infection proof cloths for the usage in hospital, cost-effective testing kits, isolation pods for COVID infected patients, bubble helmets instead of traditional oxygen masks were also some of the innovative prevention strategies that have been used worldwide since the COVID outbreak.

Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from marine red alga Porphyridium sp. Previously, researchers have also demonstrated the use of biochar in as a building materials, which could reduce the breeding of mosquitoes the carriers of malaria, thus diminishing the transmission rate of malaria [ 64 ].

The most important strategy for countries with higher population density must be to use portable hand sanitizer or alcoholic sanitizer and should avoid body contacts with utilities and individuals. Also, doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers should wear hand gloves, protective N95 or FFP3 masks, air preventive gowns and other personal protective equipment to prevent the transmission of this virus.

The spread of the virus in India at a larger scale was reported in the beginning of March ; whereas, many European countries were already suffering from this lethal virus from early February Therefore, the widespread effect of this pandemic on India will be pronounced a little later than the other affected countries.

This pandemic will have an enormous effect on the life of every Indian citizen especially on the lower middle and lower income people. These two classes of people majorly include labours, small shopkeepers and other people working in private and unorganized sectors.

To counter the spread of this pandemic, India was required to enforce a nationwide lockdown, however, experts advised a longer period of lockdown to tackle the COVID outbreak due to high population density in India [ 65 ]. Due to this preventive measure of lockdown, innumerable social and economical activities will be stalled, thus adversely affecting the life of common people including their livelihood.

The most important personal preventive measure for COVID as suggested by the doctors is to wash hands frequently with soaps, hand washes and sanitizers. This has led to the higher consumption of water throughout India, which is again a major problem for a country like India, where ample amount of purified water is not available to all the citizens.

Moreover, due to the increased rate of handwashing, the concentration of surfactants and xenobiotic compounds commonly present in hand washes, sanitizers and soaps will also increase in sewage, posing additional challenges for treatment [ 66 ]. The traditional treatment technologies installed at various treatment plants in India are not designed to treat or remove xenobiotics and surfactants even at lower concentrations [ 67 ]. Therefore, these treated sewage containing xenobiotics will be discharged into various water bodies and over a period of time, the concentration of these toxic compounds, which are both carcinogenic and endocrine disruptors, will increase in surface and groundwater [ 68 ].

Therefore, appropriate care should be taken while consuming surface and groundwater after this period of COVID outbreak. Infected and carriers of SARS-CoV-2 can excrete these viruses through their excretion system and ultimately this viruses ends up in sewage treatment plants [ 69 ]. The sewage can carry SARS-CoV-2 through the sewers laid below the roads and buildings and any leakage in these pipes could have risk of exposure of the population to this dangerous virus.

Moreover, the reactors and other appurtenances of the sewage treatment plants can also get contaminated with these viruses; therefore, the operators and workers working in the sewage treatment plants also possess the risk of getting infected through this virus. Also, the equipment needs to be disinfected after every shift so that infected workers working in one shift does not transmit the disease to any other co-workers.

The sewage generated from quarantine centres and containment zones also needs to be carefully handled to curtail the spread of COVID The sewage from these hotspots possesses high risk of spreading the perilous disease and therefore special care should be taken to handle it separately from wastewater generated from other sources [ 71 ].

Also, this sewage collected from hotspots needs to be treated separately, away from human settlements and sources of drinking water; thus, negating the chances of any possible contamination of virus even through the aerosols likely to be generate at treatment plant.

Additional disinfection should also be provided before disposing of such a treated sewage and disposing it into sewers can be plausible technique to alleviate this problem.

The genetic material, the viral RNA, can be extracted from sewage and tested to gauge the possibility of infected persons in the community from where the sewage is being collected [ 70 ]. Also, the regular monitoring of viral RNA present in sewage can signal a sudden peak in active cases without rigorous testing.

This could provide the authorities with a major advantage of flattening the curve associated with the COVID cases. Though the mortality rate of COVID is not on a higher side; however, due to the extensive spread of the infection among the masses, the number of fatalities will be very high and which is rising day by day.

These dead bodies and other biomedical wastes generated from hospitals and nursing homes need to be managed scientifically. It would be ideal to dig mass graves and bury these dead bodies deep within the earth without handing it over to the family members. However, due to the numerous social stigma prevalent in the Indian society, this option may not be always viable.

If these bodies are indeed handed over to the family members then these dead bodies should be sealed in leak-proof and hermetically sealed bags designed to carry biomedical wastes. Proper care should be taken to prevent any bodily fluid from leaving the sealed bags, which could again contaminate other healthy members of the family and relatives.

The medical apparatus like syringes, vials, etc. Mask and other personal protective equipment used by the healthcare workers and doctors should also be disposed of appropriately so that the infection does not spread to other healthy persons through this equipment.

As per the investigation carried out by van Doremalen et al. SARS-CoV-2 can be present in a viable form on plastic and stainless steels surfaces for more than 72 h and thus the need to dispose of biomedical waste scientifically can be envisioned [ 72 ]. India is a densely populated country and the availability of land away from the residential area for the digging of mass graves can thus be a major concern.

However, efforts should be made to locate barren and infertile land preferably away from the city and in the outskirts, where barricades should be placed to prevent the entry of humans and also animals who can tamper these graves. Binh Tinh was depressed because he lost four loved ones in two months - Thursday 13th January PM. Court rules on hardship clause in addition to private car use - Thursday 13th January PM.

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