Highlights in the history of concrete pdf

Immigrants moved to America to start a family in a newly prosperous country — or even to escape oppressive living conditions back home — and construction was a means of realizing the American Dream. Unfortunately, some people sought to prevent this dream from coming true for many immigrant Americans.

In , President Chester A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act — the first significant law to restrict immigration to America. This was a prejudiced response to the major influx of Chinese immigrants who moved here for construction jobs.

Herein lies a major blemish acutely prevalent within the history of the construction industry: racial discrimination. Historically, immigrants have had to contend with disparate wages, hostile working environments, unsafe conditions as was the case with Chinese railroad workers , and many other forms of racial discrimination.

In spite of this adversity, the population of immigrant workers in the US continues to grow. Since it welcomes immigrants of all education and skill levels, construction is an appealing employment prospect.

Today, nearly a quarter of construction workers are born outside of the US. The story of the construction industry is one of human advancement. Innovation compounds over time, and anyone who has been inside of a building owes a debt of gratitude to the industry pioneers of yesteryear. The construction industry is only able to progress into the future thanks to the breakthroughs of the past. The Egyptians were using early forms of concrete over years ago to build pyramids.

They mixed mud and straw to form bricks and used gypsum and lime to make mortars. The ancient Romans used a material that is remarkably close to modern cement to build many of their architectural marvels, such as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon.

The Romans also used animal products in their cement as an early form of admixtures. Admixtures, additions to the mix used to achieve certain goals, are still used today, read more about them here. Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern Portland cement. He named his cement Portland, after a rock quary that produced very strong stone. In , the first test of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany.

Tensile strength refers to concrete's ability to resist tension, or pulling apart forces. Compressive strength refers to concrete's ability to resist compression, or pushing together forces.

Both tensile and compressive strength are expressed in pounds per square inch psi. This bridge was the first reinforced concrete bridge, and it still exists today, over one hundred years after it was built! In , the first concrete street in American was built in Bellefontaine, Ohio. This is a modern photo of the historic street. Today, pervious concrete is being advocated as the best, and most environmentally friendly, surface for streets.

The first concrete high rise was built in Cincinnati, Ohio, in The Ingalls Building, as it is called, has sixteen stories, making it one of the great engineering feats of its time. These homes still exist today.

Edison envisioned that his design would meet great success, and that before no time everyone in America would be living in a concrete home. However, his vision did not become a reality as soon as he expected; in fact, concrete homes are just starting to gain popularity now, one hundred years later. Initiative B.

Identity and Role Confusion C. Intimacy D. Impulsiveness B. Compulsiveness C. Ruthlessness D. Lito, a student in secondary level tends to spend more time with his friends and his family, thus, his behavior is greatly affected by them. In which stage in the Psychosocial Stages of Development does Lito belong? Autonomous vs Shame and Doubt B. Identity vs. Role Confusion C. Intimacy vs. Isolation D. Initiative vs. In Erickson's theory, what is the unresolved crisis of an adult who has difficulty establishing a secure, mutual relationship with a life partner?

Guilt B. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt C. Trust vs. What is the best description of Erickson's psychosocial theory of human development? Eight crises all people are thought to lace B. Four psychosocial stages in latency period C. The same number of stages as Freud's, but with different names D. A stage theory that is not psychoanalytic. According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescent?

To establish trust B. To search for his identity C. To be more intimate with others D. What should be developed early in a child to make him a whole person? Ego integrity B. Industry C. Trust D. What can a child do under initiative vs. Believe in people B. Prepare to take a risk C. Develop competence D. Bing, a preschooler, insists on getting noodles for himself from the serving dish each time his family attends a gathering, even though he usually drops pasta on the floor.

When his mother tries to assist him, he brushes his mother off and insists on doing it himself. Trust vs Mistrust B. Initiative vs Guilt C. Industry vs. Inferiority D. Teachers who promote psychosocial development in the classroom create an environment where each child feels appreciated and is comfortable with learning new things and building relationships with peers without fear.

How does the teacher create this environment? Incorporates life skills in lessons to increase confidence and self-sufficiency II. Gives continuous feedback on work that has been completed to eliminate uncertainty. Provides considerable free experiments to encourage development of independence. Provides physical and academic activities that develop diligence and self- confidence.

I, II D. STAGE 1. On the average, in which moral development level are high school students supposed to be?

Post conventional level B. Conventional level C. Law and Order D. Bruner B. Kohlberg C. Freud D. Pre-convention level B. In between conventional and post-conventional levels D.

Conventional level B. Between conventional and post-conventional levels C. Between pre-conventional and post-conventional levels D. Jinky lets Hannah copy during their math test because Hannah agreed to let her copy during their Sibika test.

What stage of moral development shown? Mutual Benefit B. Social Approval D. Teacher Kim Pang asked his students to describe how their families celebrate holidays. Students can discover that people celebrate holidays differently through their sharing of experiences.

Social interaction is essential for cognitive development. Children often think in different ways at different ages. Cognitive development involves relating new information to prior knowledge. Children actively construct their knowledge. Teacher Henry begins a lesson on tumbling, demonstrating front and back somersaults in slow motion and physically guiding his students through the correct movements. As his students become more skillful, he stands back from the man and gives verbal feedback about how to improve.

Apprenticeship B. Peer interaction C. Guided participation D. The more selective parents in the exposure of the child, the more challenged the child becomes.

I only B. II only C. III only D. These statements imply that children at the early learning stage consider parents and teachers as authorities and models. Parents should enforce strict discipline at home and teachers in school C. Parents and teachers should be the role models at all times D. Based on Bandura's theory, which conditions must be present for a student to learn from a model?

Attention II. Retention III. Motor Reproduction IV. Motivation A. I and II B. Whom do the children often imitate? Those who have substantial influence over their lives II. Those who belong to their peer group III. Those who belong to other races IV. Those who are successful and seen admired.

I and IV B. II and IV C. I and II D. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor Reproduction 4. Motivational Process. Trisha goes with her mother in school. She enjoys the workplace of her mother. Which of the following ecological theories is illustrated by the situation?

Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Exosystem D. The child is not in good terms with his peers. There is so much hostility at home.

The child is very sickly. Mesosystem B. Exosystem C. Macrosystem D. Recognize that the school cannot work in isolation. Schools must connect with communities. Create situation where the kids are more apart of the community. Watson B.

Bruner C. Pavlov D. The following are example of good practices of a positive reinforcement. Joy got perfect score in their chapter quiz, so her teacher gave her iPhone as reward. Ivy graduated with honors so her mother took the household chores that Ivy should supposedly do. Grade 1 — Q have a lot of time playing given by their teacher because they finished their seatworks early and quietly.

Teacher Joy directly starts the lesson without introducing the lesson objectives. Teacher Zhen calls students and ask a specific question for her oral recitation. Teacher Steph always give surprise quizzes. Teacher Nel gave brief information about what to expect in the class discussion. An earthquake drill is held every Friday in UP. The emergency bell serves as the go signal for the students to perform the drill. One day, a bell was rung and sounded like the emergency bell.

One student performed the earthquake drill. This kind of situation will be best explained by what phenomenon? Discrimination B. Spontaneous Generalization C. Stimulus Generalization D. Zhen is striving harder in studying as a result of the praises received. Zyronn lessen his time in playing Mobile Legends to avoid getting punished again by his mother. Rewards given by teacher V made the students to continue and be more participative in the class discussion.

Connectionism Theory. Edward Lee Thorndike. Theory of Connectionism. Learning has taken place when strong connection or bond between stimulus and response is formed. Learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant feeling. Learning takes place properly when it results in satisfaction and the learner derives pleasure out of it. Conversely, the further a student is removed time-wise from a new fact or understanding, the more difficult it is to remember. The more intense the material taught, the more it is likely learned.

Thing freely learned are best learned. The greater the freedom enjoyed by the students in the class, the greater the intellectual and moral advancement enjoyed by them. Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning. Pavlov also has the following findings:. Pavlov also has the following findings: e. Higher-Order Conditioning. Eventually, the dog will salivate at the flash of the light without the sound of the bell. Learning is a result of change in overt behavior. Negative Reinfocer - Any stimulus that results in the increased frequency of a response when it is withdrawn or removed.

Punishment Positive Punishment - decreasing the rate of undesired behavior by adding a certain negative consequence of the individual after the behavior has been exhibited. Behavioral Chaining. Fixed Interval Schedules b. Variable Interval Schedules c. Fixed Ratio Schedules d. The target response is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement. Variable Interval Schedules.

This is similar to fixed interval schedules but the amount of time that must pass between reinforcement and varies. Fixed Ratio Schedules.

A fixed number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement may recur. Variable Ratio Schedules. The number of correct repetitions of the correct response for reinforcement varies. What is the correct sequence of information processing? Episodic b. Address: Prk. When is the best time to study? Stages in the information processing theory. Methods of retrieving information b. Methods of retrieving information c.

Methods of retrieving information d. Methods of retrieving information e. Methods of retrieving information f. Methods of retrieving information g. Methods of retrieving information h. Serial Position Effects recency and primacy.

Methods of retrieving information i. Methods of retrieving information j. Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes. Verbal Information - Facts, concepts, principles and procedures. Intellectual Skills. Concrete Concepts — identifying classes of concrete objects, features or events. Defined Concepts — classifying new examples of events or ideas by their definition 4.

Rules — Applying a single relationship to solve a single of problem. Cognitive Strategies — employing ways to guide learning, thinking, acting and feeling. Attitudes — choosing personal actions based on internal states of understanding and feeling example: deciding to avoid soft drinks.

Motor Skills — Executing performances involving the use of muscles. Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be learned and a sequence of instruction. Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute the conditions of learning.

Which of the following is the most important contribution of Gestalt psychology to the theories of learning? Use of multi-media approach B. Cognitive insight C.

Concept of reading in learning D. Importance of reinforcement in the learning process. A student has just learned a particular formula to make math problem to solve. She tries it with another problem and succeeds at it. So this student is even more encouraged to discover easier ways to solve math problems.

Readiness B. Effect C. Repetition D. Which statement does not refer to cognitive theories? Prefer to concentrate on analyzing cognitive process B. Conclusions are based on observation of external manifestations on learning C. Study of the structures and components of information processing D. Having outdoor activities for learning B. Using the best strategy for the topics D. Which of the following theory can best explain this situation? Operant Conditioning B. Social Cognitive theory C.

Cognitive developmental theory D. It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the s. They suggested that learners do not just collect information as is but they actively process and restructure data in order to understand it. This is the Perceptual Process. Certain factors impact on this perceptual process.

Law of Proximity Related concepts or lessons should be taught aligned or closely to each other. This is the reason why subtraction is taught after addition,multiplication after subtraction then division after multiplication. Imagine teaching addition then jumping directly to polygons. Our brains quickly identify patterns faster than the separate parts of the pattern.

Law of Similarity. Similar lessons or contents should be grouped together to make learners develop understanding more efficiently and effectively. This is the reason why lessons are grouped into units: Unit I is for human body, Unit II is for energy and motion,so on and so forth. Law of Good Continuation.

Lessons should be presented in such a way that learners will see these as connected and continuous. Now you know why we have the "Review" part of the lesson plan. This way, students will realize that their new lesson actually has continuity and is related to what they already know or to the previous lesson.

Law of Pragnanz Pragnanz states that when things are grasped as wholes, the minimal amount of energy is exerted in thinking. In short, make your lesson holistic, complete and most of all simple. Emphasis should be done on important aspects of the lesson. For example,teachers should vary the tone of their voice or write boldly or underline the important key words of the lesson. He then provided the chimps with either two sticks or three boxes, then waited and watched.

Kohler noticed that after the chimps realized they could not simply reach or jump up to retrieve the fruit, they stopped, had a seat, and thought about how they might solve the problem. Then after a few moments, the chimps stood up and proceeded to solve the problem. Kohler referred to this behavior as insight or discovery learning. Insight learning is not the result of trial and error, responding to an environmental stimulus, or the result of observing someone else attempt the problem.

It is a completely cognitive experience, which requires the ability to visualize the problem and the solution internally, in the mind's eye so to speak, before initialing a behavioral response. Which is the best reason why Mr. Prepare the students for a mastery test B.

Make sure that the students understand the pre-requisite skills for the next lesson C. Make learning interesting and enjoyable D. Stimulus Generalization B. Extention C. Discrimination D. A burglary occurred in Jason's neighborhood. Since then, Jason is very careful of locking their doors and closing windows. What theory best explains Jason's behavior?

Observational learning B. Imitation learning C. Self-regulated learning D. New theories came into view which maintained some of the behaviorist concepts but excluded others, and added new ideas which later came to be associated with the cognitive views of learning.

The neo- behaviorists, then, were a transitional group, bridging the gap between behaviorism and cognitive theories of learning. Neo Behaviorism. Four Conditions for Latent Learning effective Modeling. Rather the incoming impulses are usually worked over and elaborated in the central control room into a tentative cognitive like map of the environment.

Going to school everyday. Rats acquired knowledge of the way through maze in the absence of reinforcement. In reinforcement schedule, which one practices the fixed ratio schedule? Zyronn receives reward in every dish he finish washing. Ivy is giving her child a chocolate every after 10 minutes while reading books as a reward. Zhen is always washing dishes in anticipation to a reward that be given anytime.

Steph receives chocolate in a random number of dishes he washed. Which of the following best describes what meaningful learning is? When what is to be learned is new and easy for the students.

Materials presented are difficult and challenging to the students. When the materials to be learned is related to what students already know. In reinforcement schedule, which one practices the Variable ratio schedule? Which is an application of cognitive approach to motivation? Explain the reasons for studying the topic B.

Create a supportive classroom climate for students C. Provide clear and prompt feedback on assignments D. The students of Mrs. Reyes were not able to learn the concepts that she presented yesterday so she taught the same concepts again but this time using a different teaching method.

What principle of learning was applied? Concepts should be presented in varied and different ways B. Effort was put forth when tasks are challenging C. Learning by doing is more effective than just by sitting and listening D. In reinforcement schedule, which one practices the fixed interval schedule? The teacher presented a new lesson where in the students were asked to work on a new project which was somewhat complicated.

The students showed interest while working on the project. What principle applies to the situation? Effort was put forth when tasks are challenging B. Lessons should be presented in varied and different ways C. Meaningful materials are readily learned than nonsense materials D. In reinforcement schedule, which one practices the variable interval schedule? Instead of asking her students to write about their reaction to a story, the teacher asked her students to interpret the story in dance form.

What principle of learning is considered? How will you make a child memorize the table of multiplication from the point of view of Operant Conditioning? Make them understand the meaning of multiplication. Model the recitation of the table of multiplication. Reward the child with a candy for every correct recitation. The classroom activity that best relates with the constructivist approach is; A.

Repeating the difficult lessons previously taken up. Doing exercises and drills about the lesson. Sharing points of view or ideas during discussion D. Teacher A begins her lesson with a concrete life experiences then leads the students to abstraction. Which method did she employ? Socratic method B. Constructivist method C. Discovery learning method D. Why do you think our stomach hurts if we do not eat? What is it about digestion that you learned before?

What are the organs responsible for digestion? Do you know how the food we eat gets digested? Representation of Theory Categorization Knowledge of Instruction. Symbolic Representation. Predisposition to learn. Structure of Science Knowledge. Fundamental process Categorization in the structuring of knowledge. Effective sequencing. Sequencing can make learning easier or more difficult. Spiral Curriculum - refers to the idea of revisiting the basic ideas over and over, building them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery.

He felt that ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning. Identity categories — categories include objects based on their attributes or features. Coding systems - categories that serve to recognize sensory input.

He is figuring out how to win against them. Suddenly, a bright idea flashes in his mind and excitedly, he learned and defeated their opponent. Metacognition B. Insight learning C. Analytical learning D. Watson relates that a particular behaviour is determined by environmental factor.

Tell students that math is easy subject. Give difficult problems to challenge the students C. Present lessons from easiest to most complex D. Have a favourable learning atmosphere in the classroom. Which statement correctly explains the constructivist theory of learning? Children are empty receptacles B. Children are passive learners. Teacher helps the pupils remember that stalactite grows from the Ceiling while the stalagmite grows from the Ground. Which device does teacher use?