Windows 2000 server os version

Windows supports disk quotas , which can be set via the "Quota" tab found in the hard disk properties dialog box. Microsoft released the version 3.

Sparse files allow for the efficient storage of data sets that are very large yet contain many areas that only have zeros. Reparse points allow the object manager to reset a file namespace lookup and let file system drivers implement changed functionality in a transparent manner. Volume mount points and directory junctions allow for a file to be transparently referred from one file or directory location to another. It allows any folder or drive on an NTFS volume to be encrypted transparently by the user.

To date, its encryption has not been compromised. EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK , which is used because it takes less time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher were used.

The symmetric key used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in the header of the encrypted file.

To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. For a user losing access to their key, support for recovery agents that can decrypt files is built in to EFS. A Recovery Agent is a user who is authorized by a public key recovery certificate to decrypt files belonging to other users using a special private key.

By default, local administrators are recovery agents however they can be customized using Group Policy.. Windows introduced the Logical Disk Manager and the diskpart command line tool for dynamic storage.

All versions of Windows support three types of dynamic disk volumes along with basic disks : simple volumes , spanned volumes and striped volumes :. In addition to these disk volumes, Windows Server , Windows Advanced Server , and Windows Datacenter Server support mirrored volumes and striped volumes with parity :.

With Windows , Microsoft introduced the Windows 9x accessibility features for people with visual and auditory impairments and other disabilities into the NT-line of operating systems. It also has support for many different locales.

Windows included version 7. Microsoft published quarterly updates to DirectX 9. The majority of games written for versions of DirectX 9. The Windows Computer Management console can perform many system tasks. It is pictured here starting a disk defragmentation. Windows introduced the Microsoft Management Console MMC , which is used to create, save, and open administrative tools. Each of these is called a console , and most allow an administrator to administer other Windows computers from one centralized computer.

Each console can contain one or many specific administrative tools, called snap-ins. These can be either standalone with one function , or an extension adding functions to an existing snap-in. In order to provide the ability to control what snap-ins can be seen in a console, the MMC allows consoles to be created in author mode or user mode. Author mode allows snap-ins to be added, new windows to be created, all portions of the console tree to be displayed and consoles to be saved.

User mode allows consoles to be distributed with restrictions applied. User mode consoles can grant full access to the user for any change, or they can grant limited access, preventing users from adding snapins to the console though they can view multiple windows in a console.

Alternatively users can be granted limited access, preventing them from adding to the console and stopping them from viewing multiple windows in a single console. The main tools that come with Windows can be found in the Computer Management console in Administrative Tools in the Control Panel. It contains Disk Management and Removable Storage snap-ins, a disk defragmenter as well as a performance diagnostic console, which displays graphs of system performance and configures data logs and alerts.

It also contains a service configuration console, which allows users to view all installed services and to stop and start them, as well as configure what those services should do when the computer starts. REGEDIT has a left-side tree view of the Windows registry , lists all loaded hives and represents the three components of a value its name, type, and data as separate columns of a table. REGEDT32 has a left-side tree view, but each hive has its own window, so the tree displays only keys and it represents values as a list of strings.

It is a command line utility that scans system files and verifies whether they were signed by Microsoft and works in conjunction with the Windows File Protection mechanism.

It can also repopulate and repair all the files in the Dllcache folder. The Recovery Console is run from outside the installed copy of Windows to perform maintenance tasks that can neither be run from within it nor feasibly be run from another computer or copy of Windows It is usually used to recover the system from problems that cause booting to fail, which would render other tools useless, like Safe Mode or Last Known Good Configuration, or chkdsk. Windows introduced Windows Script Host 2.

Screenshot of Windows Server When users try to access a network share off the DFS root, the user is really looking at a DFS link and the DFS server transparently redirects them to the correct file server and share. Domain-based DFS roots exist within Active Directory and can have their information distributed to other domain controllers within the domain — this provides fault tolerance to DFS.

DFS roots that exist on a domain must be hosted on a domain controller or on a domain member server. A new way of organizing Windows network domains , or groups of resources, called Active Directory, is introduced with Windows to replace Windows NT's earlier domain model.

Active Directory's hierarchical nature allowed administrators a built-in way to manage user and computer policies and user accounts, and to automatically deploy programs and updates with a greater degree of scalability and centralization than provided in previous Windows versions. It is one of the main reasons many corporations migrated to Windows User information stored in Active Directory also provided a convenient phone book-like function to end users. Active Directory domains can vary from small installations with a few hundred objects, to large installations with millions.

Active Directory can organise and link groups of domains into a contiguous domain name space to form trees. You need to select the Second option, or you can wait for a few seconds before you continue. Microsoft introduced various versions of Windows for different markets and market needs: Professional, Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server. Each packaged separately. Windows Professional shares the same user interface with Windows Server. It contains additional components for the computer to perform server roles and run infrastructure and application software.

Windows Advanced Server is a variant of Windows Server operating system designed for medium-to-large businesses. It requires similar System requirements as Windows Server Edition.

However, there may be a need to be higher to scale to more extensive infrastructure. File Systems Supported:. Other Systems Emulated:. Graphics Engine:. User Interface graphic :. Graphic Command Shell: Explorer e Businesses and organizations with servers powered by Windows a Since then, Microsoft Windows all versions has become even more vulnerable to viruses and other internet attacks. Security is a purposely false and misleading marketing slogan at Microsoft.

Commentary: Quite simply, Windows guarantees more work for the M. And when the M. And in the server arena, the leader is still NetWare.

Study after study has shown that Macintoshes are less expensive to support and maintain than Wintel machines.

Wintel computers typically cost four to 10 times as much in support costs. You benefit from the improved security descriptor store only when you log an event ID event message in the directory service event log: This event message indicates that the single instance store operation has completed and serves as a queue the administrator to perform of offline defragmentation of the Ntds. The offline defragmentation can reduce the size of a Windows Ntds.

For more information about how to defragment the Active Directory database, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:. Otherwise, incrementally delete distributed link tracking objects from Active Directory. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:. If you bulk delete thousands of DLT objects or other objects, you may block replication because of a lack of version store.

EXE to perform an offline defragmentation of the Ntds. Configure the best practice organizational unit structure. Microsoft recommends that administrators actively deploy the best practice organizational unit structure in all the Active Directory domains, and after they upgrade or deploy Windows Server domain controllers in Windows Domain mode, redirect the default containers that earlier-version APIs use to create users, computers, and groups to an organizational unit container that the administrator specifies.

For additional information about the best practice organizational unit structure, view the "Creating an Organizational Unit Design" section of the "Best Practice Active Directory Design for Managing Windows Networks" white paper.

Repeat steps 1 through 10 as required for each new or upgraded Windows Server domain controller in the forest and step 11 Best Practice organizational unit structure for each Active Directory domain. Before you upgrade Windows domain controllers to a production Windows domain, validate and refine your upgrade process in the lab. If the upgrade of a lab environment that accurately mirrors the production forest performs smoothly, you can expect similar results in production environments. For complex environments, the lab environment must mirror the production environment in the following areas:.

An understanding of the upgrade process and complexity of the environment combined with detailed observation determines the pace and degree of care that you apply to upgrading production environments. Environments with a small number of domain controllers and Active Directory objects connected over high availability wide area network WAN links might upgrade in only a few hours. You may have to take more care with enterprise deployments that have hundreds of domain controllers or hundreds of thousands of Active Directory objects.

In such cases, you may want to perform the upgrade over the course of several weeks or months. On domain controllers with insufficient disk space, use the following steps to free up additional disk space on the volume that hosts the Ntds. Delete any user or memory dump files. Temporarily remove or relocate files that you can access from other servers or easily reinstall.

Delete old or unused user profiles. To do so, click Start , right-click My Computer , click Properties , click the User Profiles tab, and then delete all the profiles that are for old and unused accounts.

Don't delete any profiles that may be for service accounts. Perform an offline defragmentation. An offline defragmentation of the Ntds. Perform the offline defrag by using other local volumes if one is available. Or, use space on a best connected network server to perform the offline defragmentation. If the disk space is still not sufficient, incrementally delete unnecessary user accounts, computer accounts, DNS records, and DLT objects from Active Directory.

Active Directory does not delete objects from the database until tombstonelifetime number of days by default, 60 days have passed and the garbage collection completes.

If you reduce tombstonelifetime to a value lower than end-to-end replication in the forest, you may cause inconsistencies in Active Directory. Skip to main content. This browser is no longer supported. Download Microsoft Edge More info. Contents Exit focus mode. Please rate your experience Yes No.

Any additional feedback? Note The domain controller's attributes do not track the installation of individual hotfixes. If Microsoft Exchange Server schema changes will be installed, go to the " Overview: Upgrading Windows domain controllers to Windows Server " section before you run the Windows Server adprep commands.